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The majority of British workers enjoy at least four weeks annual vacation . After a lull in demands for longer holidays, pressure is being renewed in response to the demise of incomes policy restrictions and the forecasts of inevitably rising unemployment.

It is generally recognised that the cost to a company or other organisation of employing people to work for them is considerably more than the actual wages or salaries paid. The number and weight of these additional costs has been steadily growing in recent years so that no longer are they insignificant but represent, on the contrary, important factors to be considered in the total cost of employment. The cost of ‘labour’ in the classical economic sense is no longer a periodic payment to the employee which can be turned on or off at will, but is a complex computation of various costs and expenses, some of which are incurred at the out‐set of employment and others of which continue throughout the term of employment. These additional costs, on top of the wages or salary, govern to a large extent the mode of employment which an employer will prefer. By ‘mode of employment’ is meant the type of contract which the worker may have with his/her employer in terms of the time when he/she will be at work and the relation of wage or salary payment to that time. It has nothing to do with the nature of work, the level of individual wage or salary, the status of the job or the method of recruitment.

In the last four years, since Volume I of this Bibliography first appeared, there has been an explosion of literature in all the main functional areas of business. This wealth of material poses problems for the researcher in management studies — and, of course, for the librarian: uncovering what has been written in any one area is not an easy task. This volume aims to help the librarian and the researcher overcome some of the immediate problems of identification of material. It is an annotated bibliography of management, drawing on the wide variety of literature produced by MCB University Press. Over the last four years, MCB University Press has produced an extensive range of books and serial publications covering most of the established and many of the developing areas of management. This volume, in conjunction with Volume I, provides a guide to all the material published so far.

This paper describes the methods used at the British Institute of Management (BIM) to computerise the records of the Management Information Centre using ASSASSIN, and the problems of implementing version 005 on an ICL ME29 machine are discussed. Choice and limitations of hardware and software configurations are described, together with examples of stored data illustrating some of the control options on ASSASSIN, particularly the use of thesaurus features that have been implemented. The problems that can arise when using converted software are outlined, and lessons learnt during implementation are identified.

Social media usage has become popular among the youth. The popularity and acceptance of this tool by the youth in large numbers make it necessary to find out more about the reasons why the youth are so interested in social media sites and as a result rely so much on it in every social engagement irrespective of the dangers or demerits it poses. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

With the adoption of survey methodology, this paper randomly selected 204 students majoring in sociology from University of Ghana and Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology to participate in the study.

Using the uses and gratifications theory, this study identified the following: WhatsApp was found to be the most widely used social media tool in both institutions; chatting and keeping in touch with loved ones and maintaining distant relationships are the major factors that motivate students in both institutions to use social media sites. The results further indicated that students are highly influenced by social media sites and, therefore, this has become their main medium of communication within and outside campus.

Social media, one way or the other is controlling the world and everything in it. The exposure of students to this tool requires the taking of certain relevant measures to direct the focus of its usage in tertiary institutions. It is against this background that this paper strongly recommended its integration into the academic system and the enshrinement of social media policies in the handbook of university students in Ghana.

This paper adds to existing literature on students frequent use of social media and confirms the assumptions of the uses and gratifications theory which simply asks the question why and how people use media.

The new cattle movement regulations of 1st March, 1960, mark the final stages of the plan to eradicate tuberculosis from cattle in this country. The last “ specified area ” under the Tuberculosis (Area Eradication) Order, 1950, it is hoped to declare about the same date. It comprises districts in the northeast and north midlands ; Scotland and Wales are already fully attested areas. Because of the need to prevent the re‐introduction of infection to the national herd now that the Scheme of eradicating bovine tuberculosis is moving towards completion—(it is estimated that 300,000 cattle remain to be tuberculin tested and that the eradication scheme costing about £130 millions will be finally completed by October 1st next)—cattle imported for immediate slaughter, unless “ accredited ” (attested) or of the “ once tested ” status, will be licensed from the landing places at ports only to a limited number of slaughter‐houses, mainly public, named in the regulations. Accredited or “ once tested ” cattle accompanied by the requisite veterinary certificate will be licensed to any slaughterhouse, subject to the provisions of the Tuberculosis (Area Eradication) Order, 1950, as amended, which means there will be no market in this country for untested store cattle after 1st March. This class of cattle will therefore go to swell the number of fat cattle imported from Eire for slaughter. Last year (1959) the latter numbered 72,000.

Most well-known conceptualizations of sex, gender and sexuality privilege one version or another of a Western European or North American bi-polar paradigm. However, such a focus ignores the ethnographic evidence for a larger range of sex–gender–sexuality constructs. This paper outlines parameters for known variations in cultural constructs of sex–gender–sexuality systems, and raises questions about contemporary trends in understanding sex, gender and sexuality. As a first step, and because the data are more plentiful, I focus on variations in cultural constructions of sex, gender and sexuality relevant to physiological males, leaving a thorough exploration of constructions relevant to physiological females for another paper. The contemporary spread of Western cultural hegemony, as well as some opposition to that model, has categorized many indigenous, multi-polar sex–gender–sexuality systems as either in need of modernization or simply not quite civilized. The result is a loss, not only of knowledge about human plasticity in this area, but also a loss of cultural flexibility in organizing and dealing with human biocultural variation.

In the continuation of the work previously described, experiments were conducted, according to the general plan already described, to determine the effects of benzoic acid and benzoates upon health and digestion. This investigation is of special importance because of the opinion held by many manufacturers, food officials, and consumers that benzoic acid and benzoates are probably the least harmful of the preservative substances employed. It is believed that for this reason there has been a very large increase in the use of these preservatives in the United States in the last few years, with a corresponding decrease in the amount of other preservative substances employed. It has also been claimed that there can be no reasonable objection to the use of benzoic acid by reason of its natural occurrence in many food products, either in traces or in considerable quantities. Among the products cited the cranberry occupies the most prominent position because of the notable amount of benzoic acid it contains. These considerations, however, had no determining influence on the choice of this substance for the experimental work, inasmuch as it was included in the original scheme which was prepared before the experimental work on preservatives previously reported was begun.

This paper examines the potential relationship between the history of American generations and the development of American management thought. The paper reviews the recently developed generational theory of American history, along with the generational concept itself. Then, the leading thinkers in the history of the management discipline are classified according to their generational membership. The potential theoretical and research implications of the interplay of managerial and historical generations are then discussed.